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Organisation : National Centre for Cell Science, Pune Department of Biotechnology
Announcement : Syllabus
Test : Biotechnology Eligibility Test-2015 (BET)

Syllabus : https://www.entrance.net.in/uploads/443-BET-2015-Final-syllabus.pdf
Home Page : http://www.nccs.res.in/dbtjrf.html

NCCS Biotechnology Eligibility Test Syllabus

Question paper will have two parts, Part-A (Aptitude & General Biotechnology) and Part-B (General plus specialized branches in Biotechnology). Part-A will have all compulsory 75 MCQ questions, out of which 25 will be of analytical aptitude, comprehension and quantitative reasoning type and 50 will be from General Biotechnology. There will be 200 questions in Part B, out of which only 50 questions need to be answered. Questions in Part B will also include general biotechnology in addition to the specialized areas listed below.

PART-A Aptitude & General Biotechnology

Part-A will have all compulsory 75 MCQ questions, out of which 25 will be of analytical aptitude, comprehension and quantitative reasoning type and 50 will be from General Biotechnology.

Aptitude

Questions may include Comprehension based, where a written paragraph is given for the students to read and then questions based on that paragraph is asked. They may be designed to test non-verbal reasoning capacity (e.g., by finding the odd one out in a series of abstract pictures), they may also be of quantitative type; designed to test the students ability to comprehend large numbers and do simple calculations.

General Biotechnology

1) Biomolecular structure and function
a) Covalent structure of Amino acids, proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates and lipids.
b) Forces that stabilize biomolecules: electrostatic and van der Waal’s interaction, hydrogen bonding. Interactions with solvents, Hydrophobic effect.
c) Protein Structure: Structural characteristics of ?-helix, ?-sheet and ?-turn. Ramachandran plot. Protein domains and domain architecture. Quaternary structure of proteins.
d) Conformation of Nucleic acids: Structural characteristics of A, B and Z-DNA. 3D structure of t-RNA, ribozymes and riboswitches
e) Basic Thermodynamics: Laws of thermodynamics. Concepts of ?G, ?H and ?S.
f) Physical properties of water and their role in biology. Concepts of pH, ionic strength and buffers.
g) Chemical kinetics: Concepts of order and molecularity of a chemical reaction. Derivation of first and second order rate equation, measurement of rate constants. Concept of activation energy.
h) Enzymology: Introduction to enzymes. Types of enzymatic reaction mechanisms, Michaelis-Menten kinetics. Competitive, Non-competitive and Un-competitive inhibition. Bi-substrate reaction kinetics. Allostery.

2) Methods in Biotechnology
a) Concepts of precision and accuracy in experimental measurements. Concept of signal to noise ratio.
b) Biostatistics: Measures of Central Tendency. Fundamental ideas of probability and probability distributions: Binomial, Poisson and Gaussian distributions. Concept of the Central Limit Theorem. Hypothesis testing: Use of Student’s t and ?2 tests. Correlation and regression. Basic concepts of design of Experiments.
c) Biochemical Methods: Chromatography: Ion exchange, Gel Filtration and Affinity chromatography. Electrophoresis: Native and SDS-PAGE. Isoelectric focusing. 2D-PAGE and its applications.
d) UV/Vis spectrophotometry. Beer-Lambert’s law and its use in determination of protein/ nucleic acid concentration.
e) Fluorescence Spectroscopy: Basic concepts of excitation and emission. Quenching, Stern-Volmer Plots. Theory and applications of FRET and fluorescence lifetime measurements.
f) Fundamentals of CD, IR and Raman spectroscopy and their use in the study of biomolecular conformation.
g) Centrifugation: Basic concepts of centrifugation. Calculation of g value from RPM. Density gradient centrifugation. Sedimentation velocity and Sedimentation equilibrium. Separation of sub-cellular components and macromolecules using high speed and ultracentrifugation.
h) Microscopy: Bright field, phase contrast, fluorescence, confocal, and electron microscopy.
i) Fundamentals of X-ray, NMR and cryo-electron microscopy for determination of biomolecular structure.

3) Organization of structure and functions of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells
a) Cell wall and Cell Membrane: physical structure of model membranes in prokaryotes and eukaryotes, lipid bilayer, membrane proteins, other constituents; diffusion, osmosis, active transport, regulation of intracellular transport and electrical properties.
b) Structural organization and functions of cell organelles: nucleus, mitochondria, Golgi bodies, endoplasmic reticulum, lysosomes, Chloroplast, peroxisomes, vacuoles. Cytoskeletons structure and motility function.
c) Organization of genomes: genes and chromosomes, Operon, unique and repetitive DNA, interrupted genes, gene families, structure of chromatin and chromosomes, heterochromatin, euchromatin, transposons.
d) Cell division and cell cycle: Mitosis and meiosis, their regulation, Cell cycle and its regulation, Apoptosis, Necrosis and Autophagy.
e) Cell transformation and cancer, oncogenes and proto-oncogenes, tumor suppressor genes, metastasis. Therapeutic interventions of uncontrolled cell growth.

4) Cellular processes
a) DNA replication, repair and recombination (Unit of replication, enzymes involved, replication origin and replication fork, fidelity of replication, extrachromosomal replicons, DNA damage and repair mechanisms, homologous and site-specific recombination).
b) Transcription of various types of RNAs and their processing and modifications. Transcription factors and machinery including RNA polymerases, formation of initiation complex, elongation and termination of transcription. Regulation of transcription: activators (enhancers) and repressors, Locus control regions. Structure and function of different types of RNA and mRNPs. RNA transport, localization and function.
c) Protein synthesis, processing and transport of proteins: Ribosome, mRNA structure, genetic code, aminoacylation of tRNA, aminoacyl tRNA synthetase. Mechanism of translation: Initiation, elongation and termination factors and translational proof-reading.
Regulation of Translation- global vs mRNA-specific. Translation inhibitors, Posttranslational modifications of proteins. Protein trafficking and transport.
d) Control of gene expression at transcription and translation level: Regulation of gene expression in viruses, prokaryotes and eukaryotes, role of chromatin, chromatin remodelling and gene silencing, Epigenetic regulation.
e) Host-pathogen interaction: Recognition and entry processes of different pathogens like bacteria, viruses and protozoans into animal and plant host cells, alteration of host cell behavior by pathogens, virus-induced cell transformation, pathogen-induced diseases in animals and plants, cell-cell fusion in both normal and abnormal cells.
f) Cell signaling: Hormones and their receptors, cell surface receptor, signaling through G-protein coupled receptors, signal transduction pathways, second messengers, regulation of signaling pathways, bacterial and plant two-component systems, light signaling in plants, bacterial chemotaxis and quorum sensing.
g) Cellular communication: General principles of cell communication, cell adhesion and roles of different adhesion molecules, tight junctions, communicating junctions, extracellular matrix, integrins, neurotransmission and its regulation. Regulation of hematopoiesis, differentiation and development.
h) Innate and adaptive immune system: Cells and molecules involved in innate and adaptive immunity, antigens, antigenicity and immunogenicity. B and T cell epitopes, structure and function of antibody molecules. generation of antibody diversity, monoclonal antibodies, antibody engineering, antigen-antibody interactions, MHC molecules, antigen processing and presentation, activation and differentiation of B and T cells, B and T cell receptors, humoral and cell-mediated immune responses, primary and secondary immune modulation, the complement system, Toll-like receptors, cellmediated effector functions, inflammation, hypersensitivity and autoimmunity, immune response during bacterial (tuberculosis), parasitic (malaria) and viral (HIV) infections, congenital and acquired immunodeficiencies, vaccines.

5) Recombinant DNA Technology
a) Enzymes used in Recombinant DNA technology.
b) Isolation and purification of DNA (genomic and plasmid) and RNA. Various methods of separation, characterization of nucleic acids including Southern and Northern hybridizations.
b) Molecular cloning of DNA or RNA fragments in bacterial and eukaryotic systems. Expression of recombinant proteins using bacterial, animal and plant vectors and their purification. Western blotting.
c) Generation of genomic and cDNA libraries. Plasmid, phage, cosmid, BAC and YAC vectors. In vitro mutagenesis and deletion techniques, gene knock out in bacterial and eukaryotic organisms.
d) Isolation and amplification of specific nucleic acid sequences, PCR, RT PCR and qRT PCR
e) DNA sequencing methods, strategies for genome sequencing.
f) Methods for analysis of gene expression at RNA and protein level, large scale expression, such as micro array based techniques.
g) Analysis of DNA polymorphism: RFLP, RAPD and AFLP techniques.
h) Biosafety regulations and IPR.