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Organisation : LBS Centre for Science & Technology
Announcement : Syllabus
Entrance Test : State Eligibility Test SET June – 2015

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03 . BOTANY : https://www.entrance.net.in/uploads/1179-03-BOTANY.PDF

LBS Kerala SET Syllabus

SECTION – A

UNIT 1

A. MICROBIOLOGY:
1. Bacteria : Classification, Ultra structure, Nutrition, Reproduction and Growth,
2. Respiration, Genetic recombination and Antibiotics.
3. Soil Microbiology (Rhizosphere, Nitrogen fixation, Mycorrhiza), Microbiology of Air, Water, Food and Sewage.
4. Industrial Microbiology (Fermentation processes, Bioreactors, organic acids and vitamins).
5. Application of microbes in Biotechnology and genetic engineering, Single Cell proteins, Microbes in decomposition and recycling processes and bioconversion of waste products.
6. Mycoplasma, Rickettsia, Chlamydia (brief account).
7. Viruses: classification, Structural organisaion, Infection, Reproduction, Viroids
8. Virions, Prions, Retroviruses, Single stranded viruses and Interferons.
9. Microbial diseases in plants, animals and humans,
10. Immunology: Immunity, mechanisms, regulation of Immune responses
11. Immunogens, Immunoglobulins – formation and reaction
12. Immune system – Lymphocytes and accessory cells
13. Cellular immunity and Humoral immunity, Autoimmunity, MHC.
14. Immunological memory, Adjuvants, Lymphokines. T-cell receptor.
15. Epitopes, Monoclonal antibodies, immunological techniques and applications.

B. PHYCOLOGY:
1. Taxonomy of algae- principles and modern trends.
2. Algal cell structure and thallus structure- prokaryotic, mesokaryotic and eukaryotic organizations.
3. Reproduction and life cycle.
4. Economic importance.

C. MYCOLOGY:
1. Taxonomy of fungi- principles and modern trends.
2. Structure, reproduction and phylogeny.
3. Economic importance.

D. LICHENOLOGY: General account.

E. PLANT PATHOLOGY:
1. Host-parasite interactions and defense mechanisms.
2. Control methods, biological control, fungicides and pesticides, sanitation, disease resistance, epidemiology and quarantine.
3. Study of plant diseases: Brown spot and false smut of paddy, White rust of sweet potato, Mosaic and leaf spot of tapioca, Powdery mildew of rubber, Rust of coffee, Red rust of tea, Leaf rot of betel wine, Red rot of sugar cane, Katte disease of cardamom and Rhizome rot of ginger.

F. BRYOPHYTA
1. General characters, taxonomy, origin, evolution and phylogenitic trends.
2. General account of Sphaerocarpales, Marchantiales, Jungermanniales, Calobryales, Anthocerotales, Sphagnales, Andreaeales, Funariales, Polytrichales. and Fossil bryophytes.

G. PTERIDOPHYTA
1. General characters, taxonomy, origin, evolution and phylogenitic trends, stelar evolution and telome concept.
2. Apospory, apogamy and parthenogenesis.
3. Brief study of fossil pteridophytes – Rhynia, Lepidocarpon, Sphaenophyllum and, Zygopteris.
4. General Account of Psilopsida, Lycopsida, Sphaenopsida and Pterospsida.

H. GYMNOSPERMS
1. General characters, distribution, phylogeny, classification and economic importance.
2. General account of Cycadofilicales, Caytoniales, Bennettitales, Pentoxylales, Cycadales, Ginkgoales, Coniferales and Gnetales.

UNIT 2

I. TAXONOMY OF ANGIOSPERMS
1. Brief study of importance of taxonomy, Essentialism, Nominalism, Empiricism,
2. Evolutionary systematics and Phylogenic systematics. Study of systems of classification by Linnaeus, Bentham and Hooker, Engler and Prantl, Bessey, Hutchison and Takhatajan including critical evaluation of their basic tenants.
3. Plant Nomenclature: Brief account of ICBN including Author Citation, Type Method, Rule of Priority, nomenclatural terms and taxonomic keys. Role Botanical Survey of India.
4. Elementary treatment of Cytotaxonomy, Chemotaxonomy, Numerical Taxonomy. (Taximetries), Molecular Taxonomy and Cladistics,
5. Evolutionary taxonomy, primitive and advanced characters, monophyly and polyphyly, parallelism and convergence, homology and analogy and Origin of angiosperms.
6. Study of the following Angiosperm families based on morphological peculiarities, economic importance, interrelationships and evolutionary trends: Ranunculaceae Magnoliaceae, Cruciferae, Polygalaceae, Caryophyllaceae, Dipterocarpaceae, Malvaceae, Rutaceae, Rhamnaceae, Vitaceae, Leguminosae, Rosaceae, Droseraceae, Rhizophoraceae, Melastomaceae, Lythraceae, Passifloraceae, Cucurbitaceae, Umbelliferae, Rubiaceae, Compositae, Ebenaceae, Oleaceae, Asclepiadaceae, Genetianaceae, Boraginaceae, Solanaceae, Lentibulariaceae, Acanthaceae, Verbenaceae, Labiatae, Nyctaginaceae, Amaranthaceae, Podostemaceae, Aristolochiaceae, Piperaceae, Lauraceae, Loranthaceae, Euphorbiaceae, Moraceae, Casuainaceae, Orchidaceae, Scitamineae, Amaryllidaceae, Lilliaceae, Commelinaceae, Palmae, Araceae, Alismaceae, Cyperaceae and Gramineae.

UNIT 3

J. EMBRYOLOGY
1. Microsporogenesis and male gametophyte: Pollen fertility, sterility viabilityand germination.
2. Megasporogenisis and embryosacs: development and types.
3. Pollination: primary and secondary attractants, ultra structural and histochemistry of style and stigma, pollen-pistill interactions.
4. Fertilization: barriers, incompatibility and methods to overcome it (intra ovarian pollination, in-vitro fertilization), embryo rescue.
5. Embryo endosperm and seed development: Polyembryony and Parthenocarpy.
6. Palynology: Recent advances, pollen allergy, economic importance Mellissopalynology, role of apiaries in crop improvement.

UNIT 4

K. ECONOMIC BOTANY
Study of the Botanical name, Family, morphology of the useful parts and utility of the following:
1. Cereals and Millets (Rice, Wheat, Ragi)
2. Legumes (Soybean, Square bean or Winged bean, Horse gram, Ground nut)
3. Sugar yielding plants (Sugar cane and Sweet potato)
4. Spices and condiments (Turmeric, Cinnamon, Pepper, Nutmeg, Allspice)
5. Fibre (Cotton and Coir), Dyes (Indigo, Henna)
6. Rubber (Para rubber)
7. Gums (Gum Arabic, Karya gum)
8. Resins (Dammars),
9. Gum resin (Asafoetida),
10. Oil (Coconut oil, Sesame oil, Palm oil),
11. Medicinal plants (Ocimum, Acorus, Dioscoria, Neem)
12. Food additives and colours (Saffron, Annatto).
13. Wood yielding (Jack tree, Teak, Rose wood, Ailanthus, Dita bark tree)

UNIT 5

L. ETHNOBOTANY
1. Relevance in modern medicine.
2. Ethnic societies of Kerala and their traditional herbs.
3. Ethnobotanical explorations and documentation.
4. Medicines derived from ethnobotanical leads.
5. Herbal drug development and validation.

SECTION B

UNIT 6

M. HISTOLOGY
1. Origin, structure and function of cambia and their derivates.
2. Abnormal cambia, Anomalous secondary thickening.
3. Structure of wood (soft wood, hard wood, sap wood, heart wood) and role of extractives in wood quality.
4. Nodal anatomy, Root-stem transition, transfer cells.
5. Anatomy in relation to Taxonomy.

N. MICROTECHNIQUE AND HISTOCHEMISTRY
1. Scope of histochemistry and cytochemistry in Biology.
2. Buffers, reagents and fixatives and chemistry of fixation.
3. Tissue processing techniques for light microscopy ( hand and serial sections, squashes, smears and maceration).
4. Microtomes ( Rotary, Sledge, Freezing Cryostat and Ultratomes).
5. Biological stains: chemistry and classification (general and specific, vital stains and fluorochromes).
6. Tissue processing techniques for electron microscopy (SEM and TEM).
7. Detection and localization of primary metabolites – Carbohydrates (PARS reaction).
8. Proteins (Coomassie brilliant blue staining), Lipids (Sudan Black method).
9. Enzyme histochemistry and Cytochemistry (General information).

UNIT 7

O. BIOCHEMISTRY
1. Chemical bonds: Ionic bond, Covalent bond, Atomic orbitals, Concept of hybridization, bonding in organic molecules effect of bonding on reactivity, polarity of bonds-bond length- bond angle-hydrogen bond, dissociation and association constant.
2. Carbohydrates: Structure, function and metabolism of including hormonal regulation. Glycogenesis, gluconeogenesis. Interconversion of hexoses and pentoses.
3. Lipids: Lipid oxidation, Biosynthesis of fatty acids, Biosynthesis of Triacyl glycerol, diacyl glycerol, monoacyl glycerol, Phospholipids, Cholesterol.
4. Proteins: Classification (based on structure, function and localization). Structure and molecular composition (Ramachandran plot), Purification.
5. Amino acids: Transamination, deamination, classification, amino acid metabolism.
6. Nucleic acids: Structure, replication and modification; Enzymes for synthesis and degradation. Biosynthesis of bases. RNA biosynthesis, Transcription and translation.
7. Enzymes: major groups, distribution of plant enzymes; functional compartmentation; soluble and membrane bound enzymes, purification, localization of enzymes by electrophoresis, Zymogram, Isozyme analysis, abzymes. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA).
8. Plant Hormones: Chemistry, biological functions and biosynthesis of auxins, cytokinins, gibberelins, abscisic acid (ABA) and ethylene.
9. Vitamins: plant sources as anti oxidants-Chemistry and biological roles of fat soluble and water soluble Vitamins.

P. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY:
1. Cell wall architecture. Water movement in plants and stomatal physiology. Interrelations of soil and cellular water.
2. Structure and organization of plant cell membranes, ion transport across the membrane, roles of ATP asses and G-Proteins.
3. Photosynthesis: Photosynthetic pigments, Photochemistry, Electron transport, Phosphorylation and oxygen evolution. Water oxidizing clock, Photosystem I and II, RubisCo, Photo inhibition, phytochromes, carbondioxide fixation (C3-C4 pathways, Crassulacean acid metabolism, energetics of CO2 fixation, Bacterial photosynthesis).
4. Photorespiration, glycolate metabolism, Mechanism of photorespiration.
5. Respiration-Glycolytic pathway of glucose degradation; Oxydative Pentose phosphate pathway, anaerobic, TCA cycle, Respiratory chain, Electron transport and Terminal oxidation.
6. Transport of metabolites: Xylem and phloem sap translocation.
7. Photoregulation and growth responses: Plant morphogenesis. Physiology of flowering, fruit ripening, senescence and abscission,
8. Thermoregulation: vernalisation.
9. Physiology of Seed germination, Seeding growth and the storage tissues, glyoxylate cycle in fatty seeds
10. Physiological response of plants of stress. Various stresses viz. drought, heat and cold and salinity.
11. Defense mechanism in plants: Phytoalexins, phenyl propanoid pathway in plants.
12. Tree Physiology: Leaf canopies, Radiation environment and plants. Tree-water relations.
13. Allelopathy: Plant derived compounds.